Dharamshala: As tensions between India and Pakistan escalate following recent cross-border hostilities, it’s pertinent to revisit the historical conflicts that have shaped the subcontinent’s geopolitical landscape. The Indo-Pakistani wars of 1965, 1971, and the Kargil conflict of 1999 not only underscore India’s military prowess but also highlight the strategic miscalculations by Pakistan that led to its setbacks.
1965: Repelling Aggression with Resolve
The 1965 war was initiated by Pakistan’s Operation Gibraltar, aiming to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to incite rebellion. However, the plan backfired as local support was minimal, and India responded with full-scale military action. Indian forces advanced towards Lahore and Sialkot, capturing strategic territories. Despite a UN-mandated ceasefire, neutral assessments acknowledged India’s upper hand, having thwarted Pakistan’s objectives and maintained control over Kashmir.
1971: A Decisive Victory and Birth of Bangladesh
The 1971 conflict stemmed from political and humanitarian crises in East Pakistan. India’s support for the Bengali liberation movement and its military intervention led to a swift victory. Within 13 days, over 90,000 Pakistani troops surrendered, marking one of the most significant capitulations since World War II. This war not only resulted in the creation of Bangladesh but also solidified India’s position as a dominant regional power.
1999: Upholding Sovereignty in Kargil
The Kargil War began with Pakistani troops and militants occupying high-altitude positions on the Indian side of the Line of Control. India’s Operation Vijay, characterized by strategic military planning and international diplomatic efforts, successfully reclaimed the occupied territories. The conflict reaffirmed India’s commitment to defending its sovereignty and highlighted the importance of vigilance against covert operations.
S Gopal Puri
